Industry 4.0 technologies—including artificial intelligence, automation, robotics, and cyber-physical systems—are transforming organizational structures, job designs, and the legal environment governing work. While reskilling has become essential for workforce adaptability, existing research treats HR strategy, technological disruption, and employment law as separate domains. This conceptual paper introduces an integrative multi-level framework that unifies these perspectives to explain how technological change generates new skill demands, how HR mechanisms translate these demands into organizational reskilling strategies, and how national and international legal regulations shape the boundaries of these efforts. Grounded in Human Capital Theory, Socio-Technical Systems Theory, and Institutional/Legal Theory, the framework identifies technological antecedents, HR capability-building mechanisms, and legal moderators influencing reskilling outcomes. By articulating testable propositions, the study contributes a novel interdisciplinary lens for examining workforce transitions and provides actionable insights for HR leaders, policymakers, and regulators seeking to build equitable and legally compliant reskilling ecosystems in the Industry 4.0 era
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